What Is Childhood Apraxia of Speech in Children?

Published on

1 November 2024

Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS), is a speech disorder where a child knows what they want to say but struggles to form the words correctly.

Children with CAS have difficulties coordinating the muscle movements necessary for speech, which makes it challenging for them to speak clearly and be understood by others. While their cognitive understanding and ability to form thoughts are intact, their ability to translate these thoughts into spoken words is impaired.

We’re here to help you understand Apraxia of Speech in children and examine its intricacies, including its rarity, causes, and symptoms. We will also guide you through the diagnostic criteria and the process of obtaining a diagnosis. We will also explain the various treatment options and strategies to manage Apraxia of Speech, providing support to both you and your child.

We’re also here to offer guidance on the different types of support available for parents and families navigating this journey. We’re here for you every step of the way.

Defining Apraxia of Speech

Apraxia of Speech is a motor speech disorder caused by the brain’s inability to send the correct signals to the muscles used for speech. This results in difficulty in planning and coordinating the movements necessary for speech production.

In children, this condition is referred to as Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS). It is important to differentiate CAS from other speech disorders, as the underlying issue is not related to muscle weakness or paralysis but rather to the brain’s planning and sequencing of speech movements.

Children with CAS typically understand language well and have normal cognitive abilities. Still, they struggle to articulate words correctly and consistently, which can lead to frustration and communication challenges. The severity of CAS can vary, with some children experiencing mild difficulties while others may have significant challenges in speaking.

How Rare Is Apraxia of Speech?

Childhood Apraxia of Speech is considered a rare condition, affecting an estimated 1 to 2 children per 1,000. Due to its rarity, it can often be misdiagnosed or overlooked in early developmental stages. This highlights the importance of early recognition and intervention, as early and appropriate treatment can significantly improve a child’s speech and communication skills.

What Causes Apraxia of Speech?

The exact cause of Childhood Apraxia of Speech is not fully understood. However, it is believed to be related to neurological factors that affect the brain’s ability to coordinate the movements necessary for speech. CAS may occur as an isolated condition, but it can also be associated with other neurological disorders, genetic conditions, or developmental syndromes.

Ongoing research into the potential genetic and environmental factors that may contribute to CAS exists. In some cases, there may be a family history of speech or language disorders, suggesting a possible genetic link.

Additionally, prenatal and perinatal factors, such as complications during pregnancy or birth, may also play a role in the development of CAS.

Recognising Symptoms & Early Indicators of Apraxia of Speech

Recognising the symptoms of Childhood Apraxia of Speech early is essential for timely intervention. Children with CAS often exhibit specific speech patterns and behaviours that can serve as early indicators of the disorder. These may include:

Inconsistent errors in speech production, such as saying the same word differently each time
Difficulty imitating speech sounds and words
Struggling with longer words or phrases, with more errors in complex speech
Groping or searching for the correct articulatory position, where the child appears to be trying to find the right way to move their mouth to produce sounds
Limited babbling or sound play during infancy
Delayed onset of first words or limited vocabulary development
Intelligibility issues, where the child’s speech is difficult to understand even by familiar listeners

Parents and caregivers who notice these signs should seek an evaluation from a speech-language pathologist (SLP) to determine if their child has CAS.

Diagnostic Criteria of Apraxia of Speech and How To Get a Diagnosis

Diagnosing Childhood Apraxia of Speech involves a comprehensive assessment by a qualified speech-language pathologist. The diagnostic process includes evaluating the child’s speech patterns, language development, and motor skills related to speech production.

What Does Apraxia of Speech Sound Like?

Children with CAS often have a unique speech profile that includes:

Inconsistent speech errors
Difficulty with transitions between sounds and syllables
Prosodic abnormalities, such as incorrect stress patterns or intonation
Limited phonetic repertoire, meaning they use a restricted set of sounds

These characteristics help distinguish CAS from other speech disorders and are critical for accurate diagnosis.

How To Get A Diagnosis

To obtain a diagnosis of CAS, parents should follow these steps:

Consultation with a Paediatrician: Begin by discussing concerns with the child’s paediatrician, who can provide a referral to a speech-language pathologist.
Speech and Language Evaluation: The SLP will conduct a thorough assessment, including a detailed case history, speech sample analysis, and standardised tests to evaluate speech production, motor planning, and language skills.
Differential Diagnosis: The SLP will differentiate CAS from other speech disorders, such as dysarthria or phonological disorders, to ensure an accurate diagnosis.
Ongoing Observation: Because CAS can present with varying severity, the SLP may recommend ongoing observation and re-evaluation to monitor the child’s progress and adjust the treatment plan as needed.

How To Treat Apraxia of Speech

Treatment for Childhood Apraxia of Speech typically involves intensive and individualised speech therapy. The primary goal of therapy is to improve the child’s ability to plan and execute the movements required for clear and consistent speech. Key components of CAS treatment include:

Motor Learning Principles: Therapy focuses on the repetitive practice of speech movements to enhance motor planning and coordination.
Speech Sound Production: SLPs work on improving the child’s ability to produce specific speech sounds accurately.
Prosody and Intonation: Therapy addresses prosodic features of speech, helping the child use appropriate stress, rhythm, and intonation patterns.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC): For children with severe CAS, AAC methods, such as sign language or communication devices, may be used to support communication while speech skills are developing.

Early and consistent intervention is crucial for the best outcomes. Parents and caregivers play a vital role in reinforcing therapy goals at home and ensuring their child practices speech exercises regularly.

How To Manage Apraxia of Speech and Support Your Child and Family

Managing CAS involves a multi-faceted approach that includes speech therapy, support at home, and collaboration with educators and healthcare professionals. Here are some strategies to support your child and family:

Create a Supportive Environment: Foster a positive and encouraging atmosphere where your child feels safe to practise speaking. Celebrate their progress and provide plenty of opportunities for communication.
Implement Home Practice: Follow the SLP’s recommendations for home practice activities and incorporate speech exercises into daily routines. Consistent practice is essential for reinforcing therapy goals.
Educate Family and Friends: Help family members and friends understand CAS and how they can support your child. Encourage patience and positive reinforcement.
Collaborate with Educators: Work with your child’s teachers and school staff to ensure they are aware of the child’s needs and can provide appropriate accommodations and support in the classroom.
Seek Emotional Support: Parenting a child with CAS can be challenging. Consider joining support groups or seeking counselling to connect with other parents and professionals who understand your experiences.

What Support Is There For Parents Of A Child Born With Apraxia of Speech?

Parents of children with CAS have access to a range of support services and resources, including:

Speech-Language Pathologists: SLPs provide essential therapy and guidance for managing CAS. Regular sessions with an SLP are crucial for your child’s progress.
Support Groups: Joining support groups for parents of children with CAS can provide a sense of community and shared experiences. These groups offer emotional support, practical advice, and valuable information. There are many Facebook support groups for parents and caregivers, such as the CAS – Verbal Dyspraxia Support Group for Brisbane and Surrounding Areas
Educational Resources: There are many online resources, books, and organisations dedicated to CAS that can help parents stay informed and find strategies to support their child’s development.
Advocacy Services: Advocacy organisations can assist parents in navigating the educational system and securing necessary services and accommodations for their child.

Living With Apraxia of Speech

Childhood Apraxia of Speech presents unique challenges for both the child and their family. However, with early intervention, consistent speech therapy, and a supportive environment, children with CAS can make significant progress in their speech and communication skills. It is important for parents to stay informed, seek professional guidance, and connect with support networks to navigate this journey effectively.

Speech pathology services, such as those offered by BillyLids, can provide tailored therapy and support for children with CAS. Additionally, exploring other forms of therapy and resources can help address your child’s and family’s various needs. Remember, you are not alone in this journey, and many resources and communities are available to support you and your child every step of the way.

FAQs

Can People Born With Apraxia of Speech Ever Talk?

Yes, with appropriate and consistent speech therapy, many children with CAS can develop clear and functional speech. The progress and outcomes can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the individual child’s response to therapy.

Do People with Apraxia of Speech Know What They Want To Say?

Yes, individuals with Apraxia of Speech typically know what they want to say but struggle to coordinate the muscle movements needed to articulate their thoughts clearly. This can lead to frustration, as their cognitive understanding is intact.

Can Someone with Apraxia of Speech Lead a Normal Life?

Yes, with effective intervention and support, individuals with CAS can lead fulfilling and productive lives. Early and ongoing speech therapy can help improve communication skills, which are essential for social, educational, and occupational success.

How Can I Help My Child Understand Their Apraxia of Speech?

Help your child understand their condition by explaining it in simple and positive terms. Emphasise their strengths and progress, and encourage open communication about their feelings and experiences. Working with an SLP can also provide your child with strategies to cope with and manage their speech difficulties.

How Common is Apraxia of Speech?

Childhood Apraxia of Speech is relatively rare, affecting approximately 1 to 2 children per 1,000. Its rarity underscores the importance of early recognition and specialised intervention.

Is Apraxia of Speech Genetic?

While the exact cause of CAS is not fully understood, there may be a genetic component in some cases. A family history of speech and language disorders can suggest a possible genetic link, but more research is needed to fully understand the genetic factors involved.